PAX Articles
12. Environmental laws in South-East Europe still face challenges
Author: Sandra Zec, LLM. – Over the past two decades, the countries of South-East Europe have built modern environmental legal frameworks. On paper, much of the region now meets or approaches European standards. In practice, the gap between the law and its enforcement remains wide, and that gap is increasingly exploited. Recent cases demonstrate that the region does not primarily need more environmental laws, but stronger institutions to apply them, greater transparency, and…
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11. Facing the Heat: How Environmental Change and Social Injustice Endanger Pakistan’s Most Vulnerable Citizens
Author: Mahnoor Fatima – Sr.Analyst, Social Justice – Pax Research Academy. “Climate change is intrinsically linked to public health, food and water security, migration, peace and security. It is a moral issue. It is an issue of social justice, human rights and fundamental ethics. We have a profound responsibility to the fragile web of life on this Earth, and to this generation and those that will follow” Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary-General of the…
10. El Niño 2026-27 and Eastern Europe
Author: Laurence Hewick, PhD.Date: 06/26 El Niño and La Niña are natural occurring opposing warm and cool phases of a natural climate cycle that change the circulation of air in the atmosphere and are known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). They occur across the tropical Pacific Ocean and significantly disrupt global weather patterns, temperatures, and marine ecosystems. They typically last from late summer to the next summer but “super El Ninos” can last…
9. Mining in Chile and Its Sustainability.
Author: Laurence Hewick, PhD Introduction. South America is a global mining powerhouse, dominating in the production of copper, lithium, niobium, and silver. Chile and Peru lead in copper, while the “lithium triangle” (Chile, Argentina, Bolivia) holds massive reserves. Brazil, a major hub, leads in niobium and iron ore, with significant untapped potential in the Amazon. Chile is the world’s leading mining production country holding the top position as the largest producer of copper,…
8. Water Challenges in Central Chile.
Author: Roberto Salazar Date: 4/26 Abstract Chile’s current policy debate is centered on energy pricing and stabilization. This paper argues that the same underlying allocation problem is already present in water, particularly in Central Chile, but with greater structural depth and longer-term implications. We develop a sequence that moves from observable energy dynamics to the less visible but more binding water constraint, and from there to a strategy that integrates pricing, investment, and…
7. Indigenous Peoples of the World – Protectors of the Environment
Author: Steve Gruber, MBA There are over 5,000 distinct Indigenous groups worldwide, representing approximately 476 million people. These groups make up roughly 6.2% of the global population and are spread across 90 countries. They are distinctive in their cultural diversity as they represent a vast array of cultures and languages that significantly contribute to the world’s cultural heritage. But perhaps their greatest contribution is that they often live in close relationship with the…
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6. Illegal Logging in Chile: Structure of the Forestry Sector, Emerging Threats, and Governance Responses
Author: Roberto Salazar, MSc. Abstract Chile hosts one of the most productive forestry sectors in the Southern Hemisphere while simultaneously confronting increasing pressure on its native forest ecosystems. Forestry exports reached approximately USD 6.37 billion in 2024, representing roughly 5.5–6 percent of Chile’s exports and about 1.9 percent of national GDP. At the same time, Chile experiences estimated annual forest losses near 80,000 hectares due to fires, land conversion, drought, and illegal logging.…
5. Trees & Deforestation: A Global Perspective.
Author: Laurence Hewick, PhD. Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests. It has wide-ranging negative effects, including climate change, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and water cycle disruption, impacting both the environment and human populations. Biggest global cause of biodiversity loss is deforestation. The Earth loses about 38,610 square miles of forest every year. Ninety-six percent of global deforestation occurs in tropical forests. More than half of the planet’s tropical rainforests have been destroyed or…
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4. Bolivia and It’s Environmental Risks. (an overview)
Author: Laurence Hewick, PhD.Date: 01/26 Bolivia is a land locked country in central South America with a population about 12.4 million people. It’s people, are mostly Mestizos (68% mix of Indigenous and European). About 20% are Indigenous of Inca decent and the balance mostly white Europeans. Bolivia’s geography is incredibly diverse defined by the Andes Mountains in the west reaching over 6,500 meters (21,300 feet) to the high-altitude Altiplano plateau in the center, and vast…
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3. The Roboré Geopark of Bolivia
Author: Jose Menacho, P.Eng. A geopark is a physical space where landscapes with outstanding geological heritage are used to support sustainable development through conservation, education, and study. There are currently 213 UNESCO geoparks in the world within 48 countries of which 13 are in Latin America. The geopark in Roboré, would be the first in Bolivia. It utilizes a holistic approach aimed to capitalize on the region’s geological heritage then leverage this to…
2. The problem of youth entrepreneurship in Latin America
Author: Uros Popadic, M.A. Youth entrepreneurship is a vehicle for enhancing the employability and social mobility of young people, also allowing for social transformation. Latin America (LA) youth encounter many challenges that hinder their development and access to grow start-ups to mature firms. Reasons include a lack of quality education in practical entrepreneurship, mentorship and a mismatch between formal education and the skills demanded by supply chain managers and banks. Most markets for…
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1. Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and clean energy
Author: Rafael J. Williamson, MBA, Panama Humanity’s appetite for energy dates to prehistoric times, from the sun, the burning of solid fuels (wood, crop waste, or charcoal) then with the Industrial Revolution came the staggering rise of coal, oil, natural gas, then nuclear, and now renewable energies like solar, geothermal and wind. Whether sustainable or not, every source of energy meets a real human need. However, not everyone on the planet, inhabited by more…
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